Compulsive Gambling Essay

More than 5 million Americans are pathological, compulsive and problem gamblers, and another 15 million are at risk of becoming just like them. A common definition of problem gambling is: a progressive disorder characterized by a continuous or periodic loss of control over gambling and irrational thinking and behavior despite the consequences. When gambling interferes with any one’s life, it can be categorize as an addiction or disease, just like alcohol and drug addiction is categorize as a disease. A study conducted for the National Gambling Impact Study Commission found that 20 million American have or could develop gambling problems. Also they have estimated those 1. 8 million American adults as well as up to 1. 1 million American adolescents age 12 through 17 engage in severe â€Å"pathological† gambling each year. As legalize gambling has become more common in the United States; problems have sprung up as well. That negative influence is becoming more apparent as gambling is more widely available. It is becoming increasingly easy to gamble in the United States particularly in the last 10 years, and problems with gambling are much more common now than they ever were. Studies show that for every dollar gambling produces for a regional economy, three dollars are lost because of the economic and social cost of gambling. The study has also said that if the government legalizes more gambling, taxpayers will lose money, whether they gamble or not. The gambling industry believes it is just selling an innocent form of family entertainment, but they don’t mention how much the players lose or how gambling encourages addictive behavior or the enormous costs it creates for the rest of society. It has been said that, gamblers with higher counts of gambling symptoms will have higher rates of problem. There many consequences associated with compulsive, pathological and problem gamblers. Examples of such consequences include job and financial problems, divorce, poor health, and criminal involvement. These addictions are the lifeblood of the gambling industry, said an economist from the University of Illinois by name Earl Grinols. He researches and found out, that casinos earn more than half their revenues from compulsive, pathological, and problem gamblers. â€Å"The casino industry is heavily dependent on the revenues of psychologically sick people†, says Grinols. Millions of families are paying a heavy price, not just financially, but also strains in family and marital relationship. Family members of compulsive and pathological gamblers are hurt by their disease, mainly because an emotional withdrawal occurs, which leads to separation.

Israel & the Palestinian Territories Conflict Essay

I. Topic Background The Israel/Palestine conflict ultimately boils down to religious tension, and is part of the larger Arab/Israeli conflict. In 1948, the U.N. partitioned the region of Palestine into two states, one Jewish, and one Arab, to address the ongoing Jewish-Arab tension. Jewish leaders accepted the plan, the Palestinian government did not, and the result was a short-lived civil war which ended with Israel declaring independence on May 14, 1948. For decades after the civil-war, Arab nations refused to recognize Israel’s legitimacy as a nation, and in 1964 formed the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel captured the Gaza strip and Jerusalem from Egypt, and West Bank from Jordan. In response, several Arab nations banded together and launched the Yom Kippur War against Israel. No definitive gains were made by either side, however it did lead to the Camp David Accords of 1978, which led to the Egypt-Israeli Treaty. Tensions sparked into violence yet again in 1987 with the First Intifada, in which Palestinians living in Israeli-occupied territory revolted. The First Intifada bore the creation of Hamas, founded by Ahmed Yassin and Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi, an armed resistance establishment that is prevalent in the current Gaza situation. In the Oslo Peace Process of 1993, Israel and the PLO tried unsuccessfully to negotiate a peace agreement. Its failure was credited to the lack of effort on both sides to uphold the conditions established by the process, such as the promised decrease Israeli settlement activity in West Bank and Gaza, and the acceptance of Israel as a legitimate nation. In 2000, the Second Intifada broke out in wake of the failed peace attempt. In 2003, Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon announced a disengagement plan, which constituted the removal of Israeli civilian and military presence in Gaza, to refute the claim that Gaza was an occupied territory. However, the 2006 elections of the Palestinian Legislative Council gave rise to the increased political power of Hamas, which complicated any existing attempts at peace. In  December 2008, Israeli military forces launched Operation Cast Lead in response to repeated mortar attacks from Hamas on Israeli civilian areas. Since then, hundreds of Palestinians have been killed, including hundreds of Palestinian civilians. On January 18th, 2009, a ceasefire took effect, which has put a end to the violence, at least temporarily. II. Past Actions In 1947, the young U.N. partitioned the conflicted region of the British mandate of Palestine into two states, Israel and Palestine. Though the Security Council has â€Å"primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security,† it has not been able to address and resolve the Israel-Palestine conflict. The Council has taken no significant action since 1967, when it passed Resolution 242 calling on Israel to relinquish the territories acquired during its war with Syria and Egypt. The UN has condemned Israel for killing civilians in the Gaza Strip. Many resolutions made by the UN to resolve the conflict have been vetoed by the US, including the demand for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Gaza in 2006. The US has repeatedly used its veto power in favor of Israel, and, using its influence, has steered the issue away from the UN agenda. In January 2009, the US again blocked the UN’s demand for an immediate ceasefire. III. Country Policy Since the start of Israel’s aggression in Gaza, our Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, has shuttled between Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan and Syria in a proactive attempt to achieve a ceasefire. We have verbally assailed Israel for the killing of Palestinian innocents in Gaza and in general. If any noticeable progress is to be made, Israeli military presence must be withdrawn from the Gaza Strip. Palestinian homes are often bulldozed by Israeli forces in attempts to â€Å"eliminate possible terrorist cover,† even though a majority of the houses contain Palestinian civilians. Practices such as these must be put to an end. Polls taken in Israel and Palestine confirm that Gaza and West Bank are regarded as Palestinian territory, and should remain so. Hamas must end its aggression towards Israel, as rocket attacks are what instigated the Gaza strip conflict of 2008-2009. More importantly, the United States must cooperate with the UN to create a peace resolution, as it has been the blockade of peace attempts dating back many  years due to its pro-Israel bias. The West Bank, an Israeli settlement, is also an obstacle. Now, Erdogan is using contacts with Hamas, and its backers Iran and Syria, and contacts with Israel and the West, to assume a leading role in trying to broker a cease-fire. In regards to the refugees present in Gaza, NGO’s such as Doctors Without Borders and Red Cross could be implemented to ensure no further degradation of human rights takes place. We again stress the need for an effective cease-fire to which both Israel and the territory of Palestine respect, there is little prospect Israel can solve the Gaza crisis solely by military means.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Summary - Essay Example Also, it is claimed by nationalists that Canadian TV shows are more multifaceted and nuanced. The formation of CBC in 1929 was in response to Royal Commission’s stand that Canadian national identity should have a strong presence on airwaves (radio). A report in 1951 by The Royal Commission on National Development warned dependence on imported programs2. I find it irrational when nationalists compare the best of Canadian programs with the worst of lowbrows in US. A proposal is made of Canada television to be part of ‘middlebrow’3. The idea is that Canadian programs need not be of ‘great’ moral ranking but ‘good’ will suffice so long it can meet the target of satisfying Canadian audience. I find it quite practical and promising. However, for decades, Canadian television even could not meet the objective of good ranking. Even the most professional Canadian series looks quite amateur in comparison to their Hollywood counterparts. Canada has o ffered quite a number of interesting partnerships to HBO as it grew in popularity.

Children in Sweatshops Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Children in Sweatshops - Essay Example International conventions mandates that anyone under the age of eighteen is a child. According to this standard, the ILO estimated that there were two hundred forty-six million children involved in labor in 2000. Also, there were an estimated eight and a half million children that were involved in forced or bonded labor, armed conflicts, and commercial sexual exploitation. The earliest child labor laws were enacted in 1836. In Massachusetts, children under fifteen were required to attend school for at least three months out of the year. In 1842, a maximum of ten hours per day could be worked by a child. Many other states began to follow suit after the Massachusetts laws and early trade unions formed to protect children in the work force. There were many steps that took place after this, and much opposition to child labor laws, but the Fair Labor Standards Act was finally passed in 1938. This was the time that child labor laws in the U.S. were federally regulated. The focus of many of these laws that were passed dealt with children that worked in factories. Laws requiring children to attend school in England were passed in 1881. There are many reasons that child labor is still able to be used today. For example, many countries have exceptions written into their laws which allow child labor to still be exploited. In Nepal, the minimum age for working is fourteen, but there is an exception to the law which allows them to work in plantations and brick kilns. Similarly in Kenya, there are laws that prohibit children under 16 from working, but that does not include the agricultural force. Bangladesh also does not set regulations regarding agricultural or domestic work. India and Bangladesh typically have the worst reputation internationally for child labor. There are laws in both countries prohibiting children under fourteen from working, but these

Understanding Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Understanding Tourism - Essay Example Consequently, this behaviour of tourists towards certain destinations create the understanding about demand in the tourism industry. Hence, the aspects of tourism that influence tourists’ behaviours towards preference for a particular destination defines the success of a given tourism region. A tourist region can either be tourist generating or tourist destination. However, this paper focuses on tourist generating regions. According to Williams (2004), â€Å"Tourism generation regions can be defined as the permanent residential bases of tourists, the place where the tourist begin and end, and in particular those features of the region which incidentally cause or stimulate the temporary outflow† (p.32). Tourist generating region provides the basic market and the source for prospective tourism demand in the tourism industry. As such, major tourism activities such a marketing takes place in this region including wholesaling, retailing, promotion and advertising. Since such regions exhibit tourist exodus, it is important to understand the commercial and sociological factors that motivate them to go for holidays in other places. Similarly, it is imperative to evaluate the economic, cultural, and social effects of this exodus on in a community where people depart to other areas. The components of a tourist generating region include both geographical setting and behavioural factors that relate to motivation. This essays explores these components, as well as performance of France as a tourist generating region. French people go for both leisure and business destinations. For the leisure destinations, the holidays starts in the months of July or August depending on a person’s preference. The idea of a vacation in France is a taste of luxury life. However, this is not the luxury of overpriced accommodation and Fifth Avenue shopping, but luxury of a life free from work. This

Corporate Social Responsibility of the Dow Chemical Company Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility of the Dow Chemical Company - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the current times do not allow for companies to be in business just for the sake of making profits anymore. Many consumers rely on companies and firms for goods and services, but the level of competition allows the consumers to make their purchasing decisions based on several factors. One of the most surprising factors is how much positive goods a company is doing outside of the workplace setting. Many consumers are basing their company and corporate loyalties on how much a firm is positively impacting on their community. Therefore, CSR has become a growing concern for most, if not all firms and corporations because it provides a competitive edge to a company. Through CSR, companies are innovating new products and services to ensure sustainability. For instance, a firm might change the chemical composition of its products so as to make them safer for the end users. A firm can also devote their funds and much valued time to initiatives that are beneficial to the society, like cleanups. Corporate Social Responsibility entails the managing of the overall impacts of a company on a society. This consists of the direct impact of the operations and the wider impact of business all through the value chain from manufacturers to suppliers and finally to the consumers. Corporate Social Responsibility can also be defined as the ongoing commitment by a firm to contribute to economic development, at the same time improving the quality of life of its employees and their families as well as the society and community at large. CSR can also be referred to as â€Å"corporate citizenship†, involving the incurrence of costs that don’t provide a direct financial benefit to the company but promotes positive environmental and social change. The Dow Chemical Company is a globally acknowledged manufacturer and supplier of products used as raw materials in the manufacture of a myriad of other consumer products and services.

Reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reflection - Assignment Example As such, the three aspects which will be focused upon within this brief analysis will be that of motivation, the relevance and importance of understanding and leveraging conflict to create positive movement, and perhaps most importantly the role in which a manager/leader must play in fostering and developing a more appreciable understanding of ethics and the means by which it applies to the workplace. Perhaps the most salient and important aspect of ethics that has changed was presented within the text is with regards to how the manager is ultimately responsible for ensuring the an ethical appreciation is fostered within the culture of the firm/entity in question. As such, ethics have become differentiated upon the terms of both personal and systemic. If one briefly considers the way that a large company handled business back before the turn of the century they would come to note that the company placed a high degree of emphasis on honesty of the employees and/or shareholders as a fu ndamental requirement that might be espoused. However, namely missing from such an ethical interpretation of company needs would be the reciprocal understanding that it was the sworn duty of the form to exhibit such a level of ethical responsibility with regards to both the employees as well as the end consumer. In this way, ethical considerations of the previous era were more focused on profitability and how the company may wish to safeguard its assets, inclusive of employees, while completely disregarding the ethical responsibilities that management/leadership espoused with relation to the rest of the system. This should of course not be understood to mean that all firms during this time were disrespectful to the ethical considerations that they must necessarily espouse to the customer or to the shareholder/employee. Rather, the level of emphasis, as it exists today was not to such a highly evolved, regulated, and legislated mandate that it has subsequently reached within the past several decades. Applying this understanding of managerial ethics to a particular case study, this level of ethical understanding as a function of profitability is perhaps the single most important reality that must be considered with regards to the global economic collapse 2007/2008. Rather than the shareholders and managers of the situation paying particular attention to the ethical ramifications of their actions, profitability was ultimately championed as the greater good in each and every situation. Due to the fact that management was fully aware of the situation that was taking place and did absolutely nothing to bring these concerns to light, these individuals are ethically and morally culpable to a very high degree. Although it is not the determination of this particular analysis to shed blame with regards to global financial collapse of 2007/2008, it must be understood that an ethical interpretation of the event demands that all parties be analyzed in an unbiased manner. Wi thin such an understanding, the manager must engage in a level of ethical oversight at each and every turn as a means of ensuring that the individuals and

Mohammed ali clay Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mohammed ali clay - Research Paper Example As a professional athlete who popularized the sport and who remains one of the most well-known boxers of all time, Muhammad Ali was a three-time world heavyweight champion as well as an Olympic athlete. The following will explore the life and times of Cassius Clay/Muhammad Ali and discuss the important contributions that he has made to the boxing world as well as to the United States of America (About Muhammad 2009). Cassius Clay grew up in the 1940s Louisville, Kentucky, a community in which blacks and whites intermixed but there was also an undercurrent of racism which pervaded all aspects of society. Accordingly, racial segregation was a feature of the early boxers existence in Kentucky as the state practiced the infamous Jim Crow laws. Due to these restrictions on race mixing, education, healthcare, and a variety of other things such as rural road transport were segregated based upon race. Despite growing up in an era in which the color of his skin was a hindrance, Cassius Clay put whatever anger he had at the discriminatory and racist society in which he grew up towards boxing. As a young boy he began boxing and eventually won six Kentucky Golden gloves titles as well as an Amateur Athletic Union national title. Cassius Clay impressed boxing aficionados throughout the Midwest as well as nationally and he represented the United States in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. Unknown to many, Cas sius Clay – later to become the world-famous Muhammad Ali - was an accomplished amateur boxer who won the light heavyweight gold medal for the United States in Rome in 1960. Racism was a serious problem in the United States during this time and the victorious Cassius Clay reportedly threw his gold medal into the river upon returning to United States and being refused service due to the existence of Jim Crow laws. Despite the fact that Cassius Clay successfully

How the US corperate tax effects international business Essay

How the US corperate tax effects international business - Essay Example The United Kingdom corporations can export its products to the United States marketplace. German corporations can sell products and services to the Saudi Arabian marketplace. The Canada corporations can sell products to the current and future customers in California or New York. The United States corporations may import raw materials from China. The United States corporations can convert the imported raw materials into a new saleable product. The United States corporations can sell the new saleable products to two markets. The first market is the local United States marketplace, and the second market is the international marketplace. All countries form part of the United States companies’ international business environment. Consequently, importing countries pay tariffs and duties for the imported goods. In the United States, Section 482 of the United States Tax Code shows the different importing liabilities (Paul 239). Further, the United States corporate tax affects internati onal business. With higher tax rates, there is lesser cash inflow percentages applied to selling the United States companies’ products in the global marketplace. ... With the tax rate at 15 percent, the United States corporations can only allocate 85 percent of the total annual taxable income to producing and selling the companies’ products and services in the global marketplace (Whittenburg and Altus (2010) 35). Higher United States taxes discourage imports into the United States market With the high tax rates, companies located in other countries may be discouraged from selling their products in the United States market. Some corporations located in United Kingdom will prefer to sell their products locally because the local corporate tax rate (30 percent) is lower than the United States corporate tax rate (39 percent), reducing United States imports. Likewise, several corporations located in Canada will prefer to sell their goods within Canada because the local corporate tax rate (36 percent) is lower than the United States corporate tax rate (39 percent), lessening United States imports. Some corporations located in Ireland are persuade d to sell their products within Ireland because exporting their products into the United States marketplace with unfavorably higher 39 percent corporate tax profits is less profitable (Whittenburg and Altus (2010) 35). With higher tax rates, the exporting countries will receive lesser after tax cash inflows from selling their products current to future customers in the United States (Whittenburg and Altus (2010) 453). Tax rate adjustments will increase United States imports To increase the United States imports, the United States government must institute better tax rates. The United States government must lower the United States tax rates to more allowable levels. The United States government can lower the tax rates to a figure that will be near to the 30 tax rate level. This

Reasons of Mass Killing. Why and under what circumstances do people Essay

Reasons of Mass Killing. Why and under what circumstances do people commit violent political acts and mass killings - Essay Example Holocaust and Cambodian Massacre are some examples of such events. Violence in Abu Gharib jail can also be regarded as an example of immorality. Events like these have forced social scientists all over the world to understand why and what motivates normal human beings to commit such horrendous acts. Psychologists have conducted many experiments and researches in hope of unlocking the key to this mysterious negative, inhumane side of human beings. In this essay we will try to get insight on the behavior of people involved in the above mentioned events. An explanation will be sought regarding mass murder and political killings committed by normal people. Human behavior will be explored to find out the reasons for such violent behavior and in the process help of famous experiments conducted by different psychologist will be taken. Why People commit Mass Murder? It is important to understand at this point that how mass murders and political killings take place. In Holocaust the decision of persecution of Jews was taken by the German leaders like Hitler and Himmler. But the orders were carried out by German soldiers on ground. It is hard to believe that all of the German army was as sick as Hitler and Himmler.... The perceived authority of the source plays an important role on acceptance of the person. People tend to give in easily to authority and this was explained by Milligram in his studies. Miligram’s Study on Obedience The experiment conducted by Miligram brought the world’s attention to the dangerous effects of authority. It was the first time when the world came to know to what extent authority can effect on human actions. In the experiment of Miligram (1963) participant was given the role of a teacher and a confederate was staged as a student (both were sent to different rooms). Then the teacher was given a shock from a shock generator to make him or her realize the real nature of the electric shock. The teacher was given a list of pair of words and he or she will say the name of the first word and will provide four possible solutions. The student will have to answer and in case of each wrong answer the teacher would increase the shock by 15 volts. It was eventually fou nd that 65 percent of the participants kept on increasing the voltage of the shock till it reached its maximum limit, even though the ‘student’ kept on shouting and banging their hands on the wall (Miligram, 1963). This study presents the effect of authority on normal people and partially explains the behavior of people involved in the Holocaust. Under authority a normal person can go on doing something terrible without thinking about his or her actions. Coercion and reward were jointly responsible for behavior of German soldiers because they were under the authority of their leaders and reward was offered (sometimes in monetary forms and sometimes in the form of approval of the superior) (Blass, T. 2000).

Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

Kite Runner Essay Hassan Amirs best childhood friend. He was often bullied by Assef and his followers Kamal and Wali. He was Alis son even though later in the novel, it is revealed that he is truly the son of Baba and Amirs brother. Late in the book, they allow us to know by saying that there is a special closeness that people who fed from the same breasts share. He was poorly educated and stood up for what he believed in, even if it meant dying for it. He always stood up for Amir no matter what the consequence, even if its him being raped. In the end of the novel, he does get shot for not giving up Amirs property after he had moved to America. Amir The main character who is the son of Baba. His mother died during childbirth. He always holds himself responsible and wonders what things would be like if his mother had not died. He has always looked up to Baba and wondered why Baba is so distant with his emotions. He befriended Hassan as a child and they became inseparable. He was educated and read to Hassan often but every so often he did become a victim of peer pressure and bullied Hassan even though Hassan would always stand up for him. Assef The bully in Amir and Hassans childhood story. He thought he was better than them both and always referred to Hassan as a Hazara, and wonders why Amir hangs out with him. Amir is a Pashtun which are referred to as the Real Afghans He later grew up to be a part of the extremist group called the Taliban and tried to control the people of Afghanistan. He ruled a trafficking system that Amir later saved a child from. Baba Amirs father who only wanted a better life for his son. Baba always tried to make Amir stand up for himself and tried to make his son be more like him. Baba is a very noble and well respected man, is not able to connect, nor understand his twelve year old son, Amir. This lack of understanding, leads to Baba not being able to satisfy the needs of Amir, as a father should. Baba is very renowned for being a rich but generous man in Kabul. With his wealth he does great things, he built an orphanage and often gives money to the poor, for this most people respect him. Baba is definitely an admirable man in most of his actions but he has some flaws just like everyone else does. One of Babas faults is his fathering skills, which he has little of, if any. As a single parent Baba tries to connect with Amir, but struggles deeply to find any common interests as they are very different people. He treated Ali as a brother and Hassan as a son (even though Hassan was his other son). He was intelligent and supported Amir. Amir and Baba were very close as father and son and had a strong bond that even in later life did not break. Rahim Khan He is Babas close friend and partner in business. He is also a mentor to Amir as he is growing up. Rahim Khan is constantly being a good listener for Amir and always asks to read Amirs stories. Rahim is a good man, and is always the voice of reason. After Amir leaves for America, he still wants Amir to be the man that Baba dreamed of him being. Soraya- is Amirs wife and because she is a woman in an Afghan society, her social status is significantly lower than a mans. She has a rather scandalous past that is talked about as gossip, but she points out that it would be different if she were a man in the same society. She stays the obedient daughter to her father for most of the novel even though their opinions clash sometimes. For example, she reads Amirs story even though her father forbids it. She wants to stand up to her father at the end of the novel when he worrys about what people will think when they find out she is living with a Hazara child. Instead of letting her stand up to her father, Amir stands up for his nephew and does it himself. Soraya is a character to represent the status of woman in a normal Afghan society which is a very low social status. Summary Amir is a young traditional Afghanistan boy that lives in Kabul. As child he is a kite runner with his friend Hassan who is also his servant. His father Baba dreams of a bigger and better life outside of Kabul. They soon leave for America and after leaving, Amit meets his bride to be Soraya (who was also from Afghanistan). They marry and live happily but Baba passes away. Amir gets an unexpected call from Rahim Khan telling him to come back and he is told that Hassan was shot by the Taliban and that he was Amirs brother and he had a son named Sohrab. Amir then goes to find his nephew but realized the Taliban has taken him into a trafficking system. Amir goes to save him and discovers that Assef is the one who had taken him. He then rescues Sohrab and takes him back to America to live without fear.

Yamaha Vietnam Essay Example for Free

Yamaha Vietnam Essay The current motorcycle market in Vietnam is developing with high competition among various manufacturers which have a lot of marketing strategies to attract target customers. Yamaha has made a lot of effort to expand the product which ensure the quality as well as reasonable price. With the same background of macro environment in the same market, there are many competitors that can be listed out as Honda, Suzuki†¦etc. targeting at extended problem solving, in other words, complex buying behaivours, Yamaha motor Vietnam have provided a range of products which currently stands in different stages in the product life cycle (PLC). These creates both strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats for Yamaha. Based on the analysis, Yamaha can figure out suitable marketing strategy concentrating on special design like sporty and colorful and the system of â€Å"3S’ outlets â€Å"Stop worry of customers†. All are aimed at reaching the final goal: â€Å"Growing with the country’s propensity. † YAMAHA MOTOR VIETNAM CO. , LTD is a joint-venture of Yamaha Motor Co. , Ltd. (46%), Vietnam Forest Corporation (8%), Co Do Mechanical Factory (22%) and Hong Leong Industries Berhad (24%). (Yamaha Motor Japan). Yamaha, which was established on April 1 1998, is located in Trung Gia Commune, Soc Son Dist. , Hanoi. The company specializes in manufacturing and marketing motorbikes. Up to now, the company has provided the Vietnamese market with many types of motorbikes to meet with the need of customers of all ages and genders. Some of the most famous brand names of Yamaha Vietnam are JUPITER, MIO, NOUVO etc. In the competitive market if tow-wheeler in Vietnam, Yamaha Vietnam is achieving significant success and is becoming one of the largest motorcycle manufacturers in Vietnam (including Honda, Sym, Suzuki etc.). To have such accomplishment, one of the companys major success factors is the focus on the importance of customer satisfaction, which is in line with the companys motto: Touching your heart. Also, the company has contributed greatly to the society of Vietnam by participating in many social activities such as: grant scholarship for poor student, building schools, teaching safe driving, etc. Gradually, not only the company touch the heart of the customers by their stylish, high-quality motorbikes but also by Yamahas many meaningful contributions to Vietnamese community.

Space Tourism: A Look In The Past And Future

Space Tourism: A Look In The Past And Future Space tourism is tourism in which participants pay for flights into space. Space Tourism is the term thats come to be used to mean ordinary members of the public buying tickets to travel to space and back. Many people find this idea futuristic. But over the past few years a growing volume of professional work has been done on the subject, and its now clear that setting up commercial space tourism services is a realistic target for business today. Its a distinct category of space travel which also includes travel in space for work purposes to date, mainly by government staff. In recent years it has been observed that, although governmental space agencies are not interested in space tourism, it is an objective of development of space activities and will help considerably in funding the space operations or activity. A report published by NASA General Public Space Travel and Tourism in March 1998, endorses the idea of space tourism; pointed out that it is going to start sub-orbital flights; that it promises to be a much wider market that space launch. Although space tourism had come up in a number of science fiction stories, it is an astonishing fact that in almost none of them, tourism is portrayed as more than a small-scale activity greatly overshadowed by government space missions military operations, scientific research, defence, etc. This is a good example of how the Cold War pattern of space activities has paralyzed the publics imagination. That is, government organizations carrying out monopoly missions in space ostensibly for the benefit of the taxpayer and created a fixed image of what are space activities, which has dominated the imaginations of scientists and engineers, politicians, the media, and the general public for several decades. The price for a flight to the International Space Station is US$ 20-35 million. The space tourists or the spaceflight participants as called by few, usually sign contracts with third parties to conduct particular research while in orbit. This helps to minimize the expenses. Infrastructure is being developed for a suborbital space tourism industry through the construction of spaceports in various parts of the world, including California, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Florida, Virginia, Alaska, Wisconsin and Esrange in Sweden as well as the United Arab Emirates. Some prefer to use the term personal spaceflight as in the case of the Personal Spaceflight Federation. A number of startup companies have sprung up in recent years, hoping to create a space tourism industry. For a list of such companies, and the spacecraft they are currently building, see list of space tourism companies. Russia halted orbital space tourism since 2010 due to the increase in the International Space Station crew size, using the seats for expedition crews that would be sold to paying spaceflight participants. However it is planned to resume in 2012, when the number of single-use three-man Soyuz launches rises to five flights in a year. Dispute over the terminology of space tourists Dennis Tito, Mark Shuttleworth, Gregory Olsen, Anousheh Ansari and Richard Garriott have conveyed their desire to be called something other than space tourist. The reason accorded was that they carried out scientific experiments as part of their journey. Garriott has expressed his opinion to be called as private cosmonaut or private astronaut. Tito prefers to be known as an independent researcher and there are many terminologies proposed by others as well. Charles Simonyi is the only one who seems to have no issues about calling it space tourism. However, it is important to note here that even the Outer Space Treaty or the other relevant conventions do not provide with an appropriate definition. NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency have agreed to use the term spaceflight participant to distinguish space travelers from astronauts on missions coordinated by the two agencies. There is a notion that space tourism has a potential of being burgeoning industry that could further the development and settlement of space and so a need to settle the objections on terminology. Growth of an Early Dream: Harnessing Potential The economic promise of space tourism has been discussed in some detail in earlier papers. Its potential to grow into a large-scale airline-like business was described in 1986  [1]  . Based on a wide range of related research that has been published in the intervening 20 years, the potentially important economic benefits were described with detailed supporting evidence in 2006  [2]  . The major points are summarized briefly here. The 2001 orbital flight by Dennis Tito on a Soyuz rocket demonstrated the remarkable fact that, despite having spent the equivalent of $1 trillion since the same type of rocket launched the first satellite in 1957, the government space agencies of the OECD have not reduced the cost of getting to space at all in half a century. Soyuz remains the cheapest and safest means of space travel. The 2004 flights of SpaceShipOne further demonstrated that sub-orbital flights could be made at a cost of about 1% of the expendable rockets used by space agencies, and that commercial passenger services could in principle have started in the early 1970s, if not earlier. From the economic point of view this would have been very desirable, creating new industries and employment. Consequently it is clear that governments space policies have been responsible for a delay of 40 years so far in exploiting space travel economically. Studies by Asford and Collins  [3]  , the Japanese Rocket Society ( JRS)  [4]  , the Space Transportation Association (STA) and NASA  [5]  , Ashford  [6]  , Bekey  [7]   Futron (for NASA)  [8]  and others have increasingly showed that space travel could grow into a large new business activity; that it could reduce the cost of traveling to orbit by 99% or more; and that this could lead on to other valuable activities such as CO2-free energy supply from space  [9]  . Reducing launch costs sharply would also enable large-scale economic development in space, contributing greatly to the resolution of global environmental problems, and removing the justification for resource wars by making the limitless resources of space economically accessible. It could also have important cultural benefits  [10]  . It is also important to recognize that, from an economic or business point of view, the space industry is today very unhealthy. Employment in rocket engineering in the USA fell from more than 28,000 in 1999 to less than 5,000 in 2002  [11]  , while European space industry employment fell by 20% from 1995 to 2005  [12]  . The bottom line is that, like any other industry, unless the space industry starts to supply services that can grow to be sufficiently popular with sufficiently large numbers of the general public to reach substantial economic scale, it cannot become a major commercial activity, and will continue to impose a heavy burden on taxpayers. Accruing Benefits: Advantages Research benefits For one it is an important to discuss as to why so much emphasis is given on space tourism and the purpose of space tourism. Space development, exploration as well as cultural renewal is the prospect of space tourism. The Space agencies have sufficient justification to contribute greatly to the development of space tourism, since it is their existing legal responsibility or the duty to encourage the commercial use of space. Such agencies could contribute in different ways which are closely related to their existing fields of work, which include appropriate research, technology development, education, and legal activities. The space agencies could possibly contribute through their research to short-term orbital stays by average people, treatment of minor-ailments in gravity and so on.  [13]   Till date no government space agency has provided more than minimal support for space tourism-related research, the resistance within space agencies is still far stronger than those favoring such efforts. This reluctance of government space agencies has adversely affected the budgets allocated to such activities which include space tourism. However, this situation is fast changing due to two ongoing trends. First is the worsening economic situation which has led to the increasing need for development of new industries to reduce world-wide unemployment. Thus there is a lot of economic potential in such commercial activities which should be beneficially utilized.  [14]   And secondly the participation of private players in space tourism activities is educating the public about such economically very valuable new space activities that could be developed without burdening space agencies budgets. Economic benefits Under democracy and capitalism, if there is substantial demand for a particular service which is not threatening to some sections of society, people and agencies freely supply it. However, the development of commercial space activities like space tourism services will provide great economic and social benefits for humanity than any business opportunity because of its potential to grow as large as aviation and even more.  [15]   It has been reported that many of those involved in government-funded space activities and also politicians view space tourism as a waste of money and resources or not worth investing in because the return on investment may be very low.  [16]  Tragically, space agencies themselves rather than the general public decide what technology is developed. As a result space activities remain a burden on taxpayers instead of a source of profit for the economy and the public loses interest in any kind of space development. This is a serious fallacy because in future such space tourism services have the potential to become a popular new branch of the leisure and travel industry with the help of advanced aerospace technology, the economic effects of the growth of such activities will be very positive, not only for companies but also for world economic progress and society as a whole. Moreover under its influence, space development will resume its natural meaning of economic development in space, instead of its present meaning of development of government-selected technology and there use in space, generally without economic benefit. Challenges Confronting Space Tourism Commercial space activities today are mainly limited to communications, broadcasting and observation satellites. The decline in the commercial demand for satellites has lead to contraction of the commercial space industry and also to the need to develop new space markets if the space industry is to grow. Since there is no other space activity that offers any greater potential for growth, space agencies anti-space tourism stand is growing increasingly untenable. Thus in line we have certain challenges that again pose a threat to the development and growth of space tourism. Cost is one of the biggest challenges as such space travel by tourists is limited only to rich people till now. OECD space agencies have spent approximately $1 trillion since 1961 without any reduction in the cost of getting to space at all. This clearly reveals that space agencies have not been trying to cut the cost of getting to space. The fact is that the space agencies do not know how the cost of space flight can fall, because they have not studied the possibility. This strongly suggests that the cost of access to space as performed by space agencies in orders of magnitude is higher than it needs to be.  [17]  As further evidence of this, NASA is proposing to expend $14 billion for developing an expendable capsule of comparable capability to the Apollo capsule 40 years before, though possibly carrying more passengers. This vehicle would have a cost many times high er than Soyuz and would have no economic value.  [18]   As a consequence, unless they accept that there is an urgent need to reduce costs as far as technology allows, and to observe space tourism as the only activity that offers to link the economic energy of consumer spending on space development, space agencies role in the future development and exploration of space is likely to shrink progressively. Ultimately, by reducing the cost of space activities, the development of space travel will lead to the permanent and progressive expansion of human culture into space However; this will also require institutional change. As already discussed that space agencies focus more on development of satellites and the recent decline of commercial demand for satellites has led to rapid contraction of the space industry, of which the annual revenues are now barely 2% of the $1 trillion of cumulative expenditure made by OECD space agencies to date.  [19]  Thus it has become a strong notion that the agencies spend every year on space activities which are neither profitable nor lead to development of commercial space activities. In summary, space agencies negative stance is not economically justifiable; it is based on political calculation. Thus any kind of political considerations as well as stance of politicians play a vital role in discouraging such activities. So all this needs to change and the space agencies should remember their statutory responsibilities. Insurance Industry and Space Activities Linked As space tourism matures, it shows a picture of tremendous opportunity for insurance companies to offer coverage to space travelers, a much similar activity to what they carry out in airlines. Neither in space law or air law has the contract of insurance been regulated on an international level. Space Insurance has, however been available from private sources from a number of years. Space Insurance concerns especially communication satellites. The first insurance satellite contract, written for Intesats Early Bird in 1965, provided pre launch coverage. Pre-launch coverage will cover risk associated with the manufacturing and transport of satellites, but cover for the launch itself is also available. The two forms may include the risk of loss or damage to the space object and the risk of loss or damage to the on-board equipment. Regarding the insurance of spacecraft, I would like observe the following: insurers play a very important role, reducing the financial risk, which will make p arties more willing to finance spacecraft. The problem is that the companies would like to see the result first  [20]  . International conference on space business, was organized as part of Bengaluru Space Expo 2010, where speakers scrutinized that since Yuri Gagarins flight in 1961, 38 citizens from all over the globe have flown in space. Most of the individuals till date who have flown either were astronauts, military personnel or scientists who have been expensively and extensively trained, but as of now, one will also see the emergence of space tourism with space access for private individuals. S Ramakrishnan, Director of ISROs Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, said that apart from satellite and space launching sector, personal space flights, space tourism and other space tourism activities are emerging as a possible market for insurance industry. Ramakrishnan referred to the successful Spaceship-I venture, and the Spaceship-II which is expected to take place shortly. These initiatives are currently being catered to only select people who enjoy the adventure spirit; they are perhaps paving the way for possible sub-orbital trans-atmospheric passenger and cargo transportation systems with commercial potential in not too distant future. At a session on risk management for space ventures, it was pointed out that risk cover in space tourism is possible, and something we can imagine. It was also pointed by Ramakrishnan as to the change in policy direction in USA-NASA in handing over of the earth orbit transportation sector to private sector, which has also been taking separate and promotional initiatives in this regard. As space tourism matures into personal space transportation system, it can be foreseen that what happened in beginning of the airline business (when insurance players started offering insurance cover for passengers) is taking the same turn in space tourism. Executive vice-president of ISB, Tim Wakeman, speaking on risk and insurance solutions for space ventures in the 21st century, said, within India, the space industry is thriving and contributing around `10,000 crore(`100 billion) per annum to the Indian economy. He said it is a good time to buy insurance for spacecraft as market conditions are favorable with premium rates declining and availability of insurance capacity is going up three-four times the demand. While space venture promises huge returns with an evolving sector, the execution risks are far too high. Risks involved in space sector are related to industrial, technological, commercial, financial, legal and in particular, insurance. Officials said that the time is ripe to share the risks and returns with other stakeholders who plan to enter business in space activities. Also it was said that despite the recent economic depression, the global space industry remains robust and healthy, United States decision to emphasize on commercial resupply of the International Space Station and reallocation of fiscal resources from Space Shuttle or manned space to earth observations and exploration. Indias space industry is registering explosive growth, with many opportunities for indigenous and foreign suppliers to help further develop the countrys communications and positioning, among other things. The above statement was made by Tom Captain, vice-chairman, Deloitte LLP, Global Aerospace Defence Sector Leader. A report released by CII-Antrix-Deloitte during the conference said the spending in space activities is expected to increase by an average of 14.8 per cent annually in India over the next four years and estimated to be `10,000 crore (`100 billion) by 2014. India is ranked sixth currently; globally in terms of technological capabilities and space budget, behind the US, Europe, Japan, Russia and China, as mentioned in a New India Space Market Study. Legal Regulations concerning Commercial Activities in space In near future space tourism will become the domain of private enterprises. However, commercial activities not necessarily need non-governmental or private participation. But for some reason it is the private enterprises that have supported the idea of space tourism until now. Space Tourism revolves around public interest and public welfare which in turn creates a tremendous need for manpower. Thus the states should support and provide adequate platform to private enterprises. Now a big that follows is which law will govern such private enterprises carrying out such activities. National law and International law both can be made applicable. Here we will be focusing only on international regulations that govern such entities. However, this takes place in an indirect way i.e. government and non-government bodies sometimes delegate certain tasks on private enterprise, Therefore the legal conditions regarding private activities in outer space have to be examined. Relevant Space Law treaties, Agreement and Conventions. Outer Space Treaty of 1967 The Outer Space Treaty is taken as the backbone of international space law. When the said Treaty was created and came to force there was no clue as to direct private activities in outer space. Nevertheless the Outer Space Treaty does not disregard private activities in outer space altogether. Art. VI and IX of Outer Space Treaty can be referred in this context. Moreover Art. I of the treaty mention the freedom principle and include the right of free access, the right of free exploration, and the right of free use. This freedom is only granted to the States.  [21]   United Nations has also deliberated on this issue through its resolution 1962(XVIII) of the General Assembly entitled Declaration on Legal Principles Governing Activities of States in the exploration and use of Outer Space. On the same lines Soviets have also proposed that all activities of any kind pertaining to the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out solely and exclusively by States.  [22]   The Outer Space Treaty also stipulates the principle of exploration and use of outer space and so space tourism comes within the scope of use in this context. It is important to note here that no provision in the treaty mentions commercial. Art. VIII of Outer Space Treaty gives jurisdiction, ownership and control over the space object and its personnel in outer space into states hands. Although the Outer Space Treaty mainly discusses States Parties it has a ruling effect on such activities by private enterprises. Art. VI of Outer Space Treaty stipulates a national State responsibility for outer-space-activities carried either by a governmental or private organization.  [23]  Thus risks of space tourism could finally fall on states and they can be held liable. Such a legal situation is not satisfying for the State Parties or for the private enterprises engaged in space tourism. Liability Convention The Liability Convention was created as a consequence of Art. VI Outer Space Treaty i.e. the responsibility-principle. Art. II of the Liability Convention makes the launching state absolutely liable to pay compensation for any kind of damage caused by its space object on the earth surface or to aircraft in flight.  [24]  Article III of liability convention and IV of Outer Space Treaty provide that if the damage is caused elsewhere other than the surface of the earth, the launching state shall be only liable in case the damage is due to its fault or the fault of persons for whom it is responsible which covers non-governmental entities as well. The launching state is absolutely liable and is liable in different degrees of fault, but in final consequence the state is liable for damage caused by a private enterprise.  [25]   This adversely affects space tourism as the states refuse to allow private enterprises to perform space tourism, or that states set up exaggerated requirements. However, the Liability Convention must be considered as insufficient with regard the aspect of settlement of claims. Therefore it is suggested that the potentially unlimited liability of states mentioned in liability convention should be replaced by an international agreement that stipulates a limited and guaranteed maximum-amount-liability for such activities. Registration Convention 1975 The Registration Convention has two main functions i.e. to coordinate launches and to ensure identification of the launching state in respect of the Liability Convention. Private enterprises that want to carry out space tourism have to comply with this procedure. The problem occurs when a launching state is not a Member State of the Registration Convention. Thus this problem needs to be resolved for avoiding any kind of conflict.  [26]   Further in line we have the Moon Agreement and the Rescue Agreement that can also be referred while dealing with the legal issues involved in space tourism. Taking into consideration the present situation where there is no specific law that deals particularly with space tourism and at the same time presence of insufficient laws on outer space make the situation worse. Thus there is an immediate need to enact legislation for commercial activities in outer space such that states supervise the outer-space-activities of their governmental organizations or private enterprises. Another solution is to create an international treaty that grants an equal standardization and leads to more transparency and reliability for private enterprises in space tourism or any other commercial activity in outer space. Environment concerns Environmental concerns in case of space tourism cannot be avoided and is a big area of concern. Space-touristic traffic can have an effect on the environment on earth. However, newly-developed transport-systems which resemble more like aircrafts will work more efficiently and therefore less polluting. Art. IX of Outer Space Treaty also talks about the preservation of celestial bodies environment that might be interfered by space tourism. Accumulation of debris can also pollute the outer space environment.  [27]   Thus keeping in mind the common-heritage-principle space tourism has to comply with environmental standards. Conclusion Humans have outgrown the Earth several decades ago. Now it is time to correct the view that deceived both government and the public into believing the myth that space is a barrier rather than being full of opportunities. There are prospects in future for the start of sub-orbital passenger space flight operations from newly- developed commercial spaceports. Thus in order to maximize the benefits of this opportunity the public in many countries have to compel their governments to make relevant institutional changes which are needed to overcome the long stagnation of space activities maintained by the space agencies only and their clients who profit from present arrangements. Space tourism contains aspects of space transportation, manned space flight, and commercialization of outer space. Considering the loopholes in the existing laws there is an immediate need for a regulation, be it a treaty, to deal and cover conflicts and disputes that may arise. On these lines, there have been efforts made to create an agreement, to mention one, e.g. the Draft Convention on Manned Space Flight. Moreover, the approach of international space law needs to be properly re-defined and reconsidered to enable private enterprises to directly perform such commercial activities. The time has come to recognize that, far from being an eccentric or even misguided fringe activity, space travel and tourism should already be the mainstream and it would have been but for the huge economic and social deviations caused by the cold war. But instead of being the passive victims of history specifically of unfortunate incidents such as the cold war which destroyed vast quantities of resources, killed millions of people, and seriously stunned the development of the space industry to turn the focus on missiles and expendable launch vehicles developed from them. Initially this increased the rate of development of expendable rockets capable of delivering heavy payloads to orbit, and thereby increased the rate of first crewed flights to orbit. The after effect of this, was, that, civilian space activities based on expendable vehicles became a victim of cold war politics, and are still dominated by government space agencies political agendas, rather than generating economic value. The growth of Space Tourism Movement, which can be reasonably called so, is going to have a huge beneficial cultural effect, which will widen human horizons as appropriate for the 21st century. Under its influence, space development is going to resume its original meaning of economic development in space, instead of its present meaning of development of government-selected technology for use in space, generally without economic benefit. And the space age will have its original meaning of the period when people go to space as passengers, customers, employees, operators, managers and tenants but for government employees. As such, tourism is not going to be just a small part of future space activity, a small-scale activity even made smaller by government space agencies it is going to be the mainstream and highlighted space activity. Already it should have been the main focus of the government agencies by now. It is an extraordinary and a non performing idea that private citizens trave ling to and from space should not be the main activity in space. The idea that government knows better than the general public as to how their money should be spent is fundamentally a Soviet one  [28]  . But even after consuming $1 trillion on government space activities with no commensurate economic benefit to taxpayers, it is high time for the general public to insist that this mistaken policy be reframed and their demands be made significant to space development, as they are in aviation industry. Research Methodology: Impact of US Press on Pakistan Research Methodology: Impact of US Press on Pakistan CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY APPROACHES Qualitative Qualitative research is exploratory, and it is used when we don’t know what to suppose, to describe the problem or develop a slant to the problem. It’s also used to go deeper into issues of interest and explore tones related to the problem at hand. Common data collection methods used in qualitative research is focus groups, in-depth interviews, continuous observation, bulletin boards, and ethnographic contribution/observation. Qualitative methods that pronounce the properties of an event associated to the creator, or by using the expressive interpretations of ironic experience. Qualitative researchers, through the participants own reference frame social phenomenon is dedicated to considerate and investigation of how the world experience. Qualitative methods is a basic feature of human communication language will persist and as close as possible to the interpretation and understanding of a key in the map. Common qualitative methods, participatory action research, interview, observation, and qualitative case study (Evans, 2007). QuantitativeQuantitative research is conclusive research in its determination as it attempts to measure the problem and understand how predominant it is by looking for projectable results to a larger population. In Quantitative research we collect data through surveys (online, phone, paper), assessments, points of consumption and click-streams. Quantitative research is systematic empirical study of social phenomena through statistical, numerical data or computational techniques, and mathematical. The determination of quantitative research is to produce and apply mathematical models, theories and/or assumptions pertaining to phenomena. In quantitative research procedure of measurements necessary because it creates the association among empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships. Quantitative data is every data that is in mathematical form such as statistics, percentages, etc. (Lisa, 2008). In the field of media studies, analysis of framing can be a place where discourse analysis and content analysis, typically by combining qualitative and quantitative methods. (Neuendorf, 2002). In fact, main purpose of this study is to investigate the US Policy towards Pakistan and India and framing in American newspapers therefore researcher used qualitative as well as quantitative approach to analyze the inclination of US press towards Pakistan and India in the selected newspapers. For this purpose researcher used content analysis as method of study. Qualitative content analysis is a difficult and critical procedure for examining or evaluating the written material. This means that results covering a wide range of qualities have been attained using the method.Content analysis is a broadly used qualitative research technique. (Potter Levine-Donnerstein, 1999;Sandelowski, 1995a, Hsiehand Shannon, 2005) Content Analysis: Content analysis is a quantitative, systematic, and objective technique for describing the evident content of communications (Berelson, 1952). RESEARCH QUESTIONS This study will examine the inclusion of American press towards Pakistan and India in the US Editorial study, Studied the two leading US Newspapers the New York Times and the Washington Post. The reasons for the selection of these newspapers are the prestigious and leading newspapers of US. It is also said that these newspaper are the medium of expression of the American policy. Both newspapers have a strong professional reputation covering almost all of the important issues of the country as well as the important issues of the world. The main questions of the Study are: What are the impacts of the American press relevant to the Issues of Pakistan in their inclination towards India? What are the impacts of the American press related to the Issues in Pakistan in their inclination towards Pakistan? Research Design Hansen Cottle (1998) propose that researchers should not only consider which the most appropriate method for their study is but also what combination of research methods might produce a better and deeper understanding of it. The aim should always be to choose those methods, or combination of methods, which can elaborate the most angles and dimensions of what are invariably multidimensional and complex processes and phenomena (Hansen, A. Cottle, S. 1998). Keeping in view the nature and requirement of this study, content analysis, the study is mainly a content analysis, which observed both qualitatively and quantitatively the Inclusion of American press towards Pakistan and India In some issues in The â€Å"New York Times â€Å"and the â€Å"Washington Post† Last 3 Years Water issue Indo-Pak peaceful relations (Trade, Showbiz, Sports) Kashmir issue Gas Pipeline Nuclear power Terrorism Others/ Miscellaneous 4. Methodology Content analysis method is adopted to conduct this study because having limited time or resources researcher only can manage to observe the newspapers, other methods for this study are more time and resources consuming. Content analysis produces a relatively systematic and comprehensive summary of overview of the data set as whole, sometimes incorporating a quantitative element. (Reference) Content AnalysisBernard Berelson defined Content Analysis as a research technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative description of manifest content of communications (Berelson, 74). Content analysis is a method for scientifically exploring written, oral or pictorial communication. It provides a quantitative (numerical) explanation. Many content analyses comprise media print (newspapers, magazines), video, movies, television, the Internet. Holsti (1969) compromises a comprehensive definition of content analysis as, any technique for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of messages (p. 14). Kerlinger (1986) has defined it as; content analysis is a method of studying and analyzing communication in a systematic, objective, and quantitative manner for the purpose of measuring variables, (cited in Wimmer, 1994:163-164) Content of the two newspapers, New York Times and Washington Post analyzed for this study for three year. (From January 2011 to December 2013) because data availability is possible in these years relevant to my topic that’s why I choice that specific time period. The reasons for the selection of these newspapers are the prestigious newspapers of US and also the medium of expression of the American policy. Both newspapers have a strong professional reputation covering almost all of the important issues of the country as well as the important issues of the world. The content analysis of the editorial is the †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Rationale for the Selection of the Two Newspapers† Ho (1962) defines prestige newspapers by two standards: (a) Quality of news reports; and (b) The influence on other media and political elites. According to this definition of prestige newspapers, The New York Times and The Washington Post are selected for this study both for quality and influence. According to Izadi (2007), The New York Times, and The Washington Post are deliberated prestige newspapers; and all two are amongst the main media outlets in the United States. He transcripts that these are also leading newspapers regarding the coverage of international events. 1.2. Population and Sampling: Population: Population is the broad class of units that are to be covered in a hypothesis and it can also be defined as the units to which the findings of a specific study might be generalized (Neuman). Target population is the aggregation of units from which sample is actually selected Population for this study will be all the editorials published in The New York Times and The Washington Post three year. Sampling: â€Å"A sampling element is the unit of analysis or a case in a population† (Neuman). A process of drawing representative elements from the larger population or universe is called sampling. Obvious advantage of sampling is especially savings in time and money. (Cited in Khel, 2000:48) By using purposive sampling researcher will take only those editorials which are related to the issues of Pakistan mentioned above. The editorials of the New York Times and The Washington Post were rescued from the E-Newspapers. January 2011 to December 2013. Editorials are deliberated the official view of a newspaper. According to Henry and Tator (2002), editorial study verifies to be very important when analyzing the ideological role of news media. The data for this research study include all editorials using the word -Pakistanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- in the headline or lead paragraph in the selected newspapers from Jan 2011 to Dec 2013. Each editorial was coded in terms of topic, frame, Slant and length. Sample Size In this study sample size mean editorials related to US foreign policy towards Pakistan and India in certain time period for analysis. Researcher selected the time period from January 2011 to December 2013 and selected Newspapers are the New York Times and The Washington Post. Unit of Analysis In this study unit of analysis is editorial because newspaper consists on many content. Therefore, researcher selected the particular unit for study. Also broad unit creates the problem for researcher as well as credibility and validity. Time period All the editorials of the above mentioned newspapers from January 2011 to December 2013 are used in this study. Categories and DirectionsThe categories are the heart of the content analysis. The collection of the data becomes possible and easy through the structure of the categories. A category in content analysis is a set of criteria or a measure, which are integrated round a theme or a value (Sarandakos, 1998: 281). These Categories are prepared for the current study the following categories are helped to find and investigate the US inclination towards Pakistan and India during the selected time period and also explore the relationship between both countries are positive or negative, favor or disfavor, foe or friend in the perspective of American press. The categories are following: A. Gas Pipeline B. Kashmir Dispute C. Pak-Indo Peace Relation D. Water Issue E. Nuclear Power F. Terrorism G. Others/ Miscellaneous The editorials regarding the above mentioned categories are treated to check the following directions: Positive/Supportive/ Favorable (+)Negative/Critical/ Unfavorable (-)Neutral (1)Favorable Any editorial is considered â€Å"Favorable† (+) if its stance is positive about Pak-India relations. Unfavorable Any editorial is considered as â€Å"Unfavorable†, (-) which is negative in tone or its stance is negative about Pak-India relations. Neutral Any editorial is deliberated as â€Å"neutral† (0) if the content of the editorial portrays faint highlighting of an issue or shows a balance of both positive and negative arguments regarding Pak-India relations. Issues descriptions: War on Terrorism:Terrorism was an old phenomenon. About last two to three decades ago, terrorism was generally arose due to native issues and accompanied by small groups that coveted to draw consideration to their origin through terrorist actions. It was formulated to finish a few but catch the attention of huge spectators. Currently, Terrorism is an ideologically driven phenomenon, its agenda is not bound to one country, and it is universal in charisma. The multinational flora of terrorism has led the governments to adopt new policies and improve collective regional efforts. After the 9/11 activity in America, the American administration stated an international war on terror, including open and secret military operations, new safety regulation, determinations to slab the financing of terrorism, and much more. America called all other countries to join this war against terrorism emphasizing that â€Å"either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists. Most of the countries join this fight against terrorism, often implementing strict new laws, lifting long-standing legal protections and marching up native policing and intelligence work. Critics protest that the war against terrorism is an ideology of fear and repression that creates enemies and promotes violence rather than mitigating acts of terrorism and to strengthen the security. The global campaign has too often displaced an excuse for governments, opposition groups and ignores international law and civil liberties to be. Governments should combat terrorism through international cooperation with international law and respect for civil liberties and human rights. Governments should also consider the causes of terrorism, in particular political alienation address by prejudice, state-sponsored violence and poverty. Kashmir Dispute: Gas Pipeline Pak-Indo Peaceful Relation Nuclear Power Water Issue Others / Miscellaneous Operationalization 1.4. Data Analysis and Interpretation The following categories are to be analyzed for the study in hand where â€Å"A† represents â€Å"Nuclear Power† â€Å"B† represents â€Å"Kashmir Dispute† â€Å"C† represents â€Å"Pak-Indo Peaceful Relation† â€Å"D† represents â€Å"Water Issue† â€Å"E† represents â€Å"Gas Pipeline† â€Å"F† represents â€Å"Terrorism† â€Å"G† represents â€Å"others/ Miscellaneous†

de-colonization :: essays research papers

After the end of the Second World War in which, to Britain, it was nearly a repeat of the First World War that Britain had experienced the same things as the aftermaths. The war put severe strains on her economic resources as well as the undermining of her export markets. Even though Britain had won the war, the impacts on Britain afterwards were not always positive, in that, as everyone know, war created tragedy. It did not make any good to anybody, even the winner. The victors also had to spend expenditures on reconstructing the destructive infrastructures. Money was not the only main factor that was primarily used to rearrange the whole society, but it took time as well. After the war, a certain country may have to lose something she did not intended to like in case of the Britain that though she won the Second World War, unexpectedly, she had to give freedom to her colonials. Why was that? As a result of a war, as I have mentioned, it definitely created a huge negative impact on a certain country as in this case of the Britain, a post war condition was so bad that some of the right-wing historians have condemned the whole war effort as inefficient and as a major cause to responsible for an upcoming subsequent British economic. (www.fordham.edu) After the discontinue of the World War II, the Britain succumbed to an illusion that she could remain in a status of one of the world’s greatest superpowers, because at that time, she still possessed a huge empire as well as a fairly good relationship with the United States of America, a country that always achieved a status of the world’s superpower. Both of these countries were also shared a good partnership in the Cold War as well. As a consequence, Britain still considered herself as one of the major countries that can influence the world affair as Ernest Bevin , the Foreign Secretary of Britain after 1945, did. His purpose was to remain Britain as one of the three major powers like the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Ernest Bevin was prepared to strain the British economy to breaking point. By 1950 Britain still had an army of 900,000 men, something unheard of in peacetime, and she spent 14 per cent of her gross national product on defense (Pugh, 1999: 220)

Comparing Female Characters in Euripides Medea and Sophocles Oedipus

Comparing Female Characters in Euripides' Medea and Sophocles' Oedipus the King and Antigone      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the times of the ancient Greeks, women had an unpretentious role. They were expected to do take on the accepted role of a woman.   In most cases, a woman's role is restricted to bearing young, raising children, and housework. In Sophocles' Oedipus   the King, Antigone, and Medea, the dominant female characters impacted upon men with authority and political power.   It is an inescapable fate that one of these characters will fall, and that the Gods have control over everyone's fate.   Each dominant female character portrays her willpower and commitment to their beliefs.   This is what leads to the inevitable tragedy.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Oedipus the King, Jocasta, is Oedipus' wife and the sister of Creon. She became a part of doomed Theban dynasty when she married Laius, the King of Thebes.   As a result, the marriage had brought together two branches of the family of Cadmus and seemed to guarantee political strength.   She became disappointed because she was unable to produce an heir to the throne.   Seeking a solution, Lauis went to the oracle at Delphi and asked how the proble might be overcome.   Instead, the oracle proclaimed that the son born to Jocasta would be his murderer.   Upon hearing the prophecy, Lauis rejected all women.   This infuriated Jocasta and she had gotten Lauis drunk, and slept with him.   This proves that Jocasta refuses to be outdone, even by her husband.   When Jocasta had given birth to a baby boy (Oedipus), Lauis had it sent away by a messenger to die of exposure high in the mountains.   A shepherd discovered the boy ... ...crowd of subservient women. Works Cited and Consulted Euripides.   "Medea."   The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces.   Ed. Sarah Lawall.   New York and London:   W. W. Norton & Company, 1999.   McDermott, E A (1989) Euripides' Medea: The Incarnation of Disorder. Pennsylvania State University:USA Woodard,   Thomas.   Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Sophocles. Antigone. Exploring Literature: Writing and thinking About Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and the Essay. Ed. Joseph Terry. New York: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc, 2001. Sophocles.   "Oedipus Rex."   An Introduction to Literature, 11th ed.Eds. Sylvan Barnet, et al.   New York: Longman, 1997. Watling, E. F.. Introduction. In Sophocles: The Theban Plays, translated by E. F. Watling. New York: Penguin Books, 1974.

Reflection Statement :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reflection Statement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think the school is taking the â€Å"easy road† and doesn’t want to be liable for anything therefore they make all these rules that prohibit anyone on campus to have fun. The campus is becoming more and more unbearable by the moment. On the weekends it is so boring there is no one here except a whole lot of public safety. That is why people enjoy them selves and use substances, but the university doesn’t look at any of these aspects realistically. The university is living in the 1950’s and very ideal 1950’s at that. The policies are so dated it isn’t funny. Not being able to have a member of the opposite sex in your suite sounds like something out of a Mormon school. What is the university afraid of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦that the kids (I mean to say students but that how the university looks at them) are going to have sex? The students are all 18 and over who cares. It isn’t like the kids can’t have se x before 2 am and after 10 am. That’s such a weak rule and position. I cant even come up with a reason why they made that one other than to reign down on the students with a little life inhibiting catholic morality which in itself is rather foolish. But back to the alcohol rule†¦that’s just there because the university doesn’t feel like being responsible for students who are drunk. That’s college and there is no way they will stop it so I think the university should decriminalize it. It should be if you’re under 21 you should be written up. Why wait until your in graduate school to let someone drink. I will be a 21-year-old junior and your going to tell me I can’t drink. That’s not agreeing with me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Further more I think this reflection paper is stupid because I feel like I am being treated like a child. If I have not been found in violation why in the hell am I being forced to type a 3-page paper? I have more important things to do like hang out, school work, and things that don’t require me to write stupid papers. This is just childish. Since you guys couldn’t fine me on anything you guys could not let me go could you. You had to get that last word or to say that you somehow got over on me.

Taste the Gustatory System

The Enlightenment is an era where intellectuals movement in culture changed the way people viewed the world around them, during a time when Londoner saw their city become engulf in flames on the morning of 2 September, 1666. Strong winds coming from the east quickly caused the fire to spread, some 300 houses were burning at rapid amount of time†; the event once described as â€Å"London was, but is no more. â€Å"(Assayer 2nd peg. 766) Not only had the flames taken most of what Landowner's had lilt, it also came on the heels of a great plague that claimed thousands of lives earlier.Over the course of the next century, London would raise from its ashes and proper as city its known today, as one writer would be quoted saying: â€Å"London is the Centre to which almost all the individuals who fill the upper and middle ranks of society are successively attracted (Assayer 2nd De. peg. 766). Over the course of time, in what some might say the end of the Civil War, one very importa nt issue still stood: ND that was â€Å"how to best govern the nation. â€Å"(Assayer 2nd peg. 68) Thomas Hobbes work had lead him to voice concern that people worry about two things In particular- the fear that someone could take their lives and the grittiness of individuals and their need of empowerment, for that the government role is to see that no such thing happen. But not all agreed with what Thomas Hobbes was teaching; John Locke argued that people are At birth the human mind Is at a untaught state and that over time our surroundings and

Labor Relations in International Business Essay

Our company has stood steadfast in all aspects of achieving success in our ball-shaped trading operations. Our presence in the international markets considered in details each and every(prenominal) intricacies and germane(predicate) features of each of those market places. Topmost in time to all of these detailed considerations is the running(a) affinity we establish with the national bunkforce in each and every country. International attention relations focus on the gay resources available and contributory to every unconnected office we occupy.As new, embarking gross sales professionals delving into the excite and gainsay global market you mustiness have the foresight and sensitivity in relating to different kinds of culture of habits or laws of works styles professional methods apart from a spud of individual idiosyncrasies. Your ability to work with those factors and variances will go a persistent way in sustaining our success in the international business ar ena. Multinational companies much(prenominal) as ours move on a fast thoud and challenging global milieu due to the rapid advancement in technology and transportation mode.The swift interconnectivity of human being beings in this 21st century invigorates never-ending change in product qualities and standards incites innovates customer relationship techniques and most of all enhances spry delivery of services. Competition is and then immutable and very much alive and challenging as new market segments develop new methods of packaging, advertising and marketing scheme come to fore and aggressive avail strategies arise.This wide arena of competition makes international companies look for operating in contrasted markets inwardly the lowest cost practicable at a faster pace sustained quality of product and customer service and innovative marketing techniques. Our sales operations overseas are overseen by designated land Managers who is overall responsible for every aspe ct of running the business. We opted to appoint a national citizen of every sales branch.This is to a greater extent effective as he creates the teamwork and networking within the country of operation. The Country Manager is supervise by the Regional Manager. There are company policies we hand over to the Country Managers specifically with regards to product image treatment and pricing. However, the rest of the operational requirements are entirely conceptualized and designed by the Country Manager, in concert with his team with regards to growing the business and develop the market and relating to customers.The focal aspect with regards to labor and human relations policies are as well pretty much within the guidelines and legal power of the labor laws of each country. The pertinent science and respect is given up to compensation guidelines stripped wage parameters overtime rewards bonus work perks like healthy insurance insurance coverage work safety standards and laws on working hours. The Country Manager is likewise given leverage in making decisions rough observance of holidays and national and religious festivities inherent in the country of operation.As we operate as trader and sellers and each country, the print of labor union and collective negotiate has not arisen yet. Each of our overseas operations is staffed approximately between 100 to one hundred fifty personnel and this does not call for such aspect of labor relations. The company therefore looks forward to your success and enjoyable discipline experience in our spearheading global business. enliven feel free to talk to your vigilance team for any inquiries or illuminance you seek.

A Human Resources Management System Essay

Not all knowledge management demands technology.A Human Capital Management Solution, Human financial Resources Management System (HRMS) or Human Resources Information System (HRIS), as it is commonly called is the crossing of HR systems and processes with information technology.The wave of technological advancement has revolutionized each logical and every space of life today, and HR in its entirety was not lower left untouched by it. What started off with a simple software to help improve the payroll parallel processing of an organization, or a software to track the employee work timings has grown to become the Human Resources systems that helps improve the process efficiency, reduces the cost and first time spent on mundane tasks and at the same time improved the overall experience of the employees and the HR professionals. In short, as the role of Human Resources function evolved, HR technology systems consider also changed the role they were playing.Quantifying the performanc e of employees against goals it regarded as proactively managing the performance of employees and enhancing the normal operation of the organisation.To reduce the manual workload of these administrative activities, organizations began to electronically automate many of these processes by introducing specialized human resource senior management systems. HR executives rely on internal or external IT professionals to develop and maintain an integrated HRMS. Before client–server architectures evolved in the late 1980s, many HR automation processes were relegated to  mainframe computers that could handle first large amounts of data transactions.In consequence of the high capital investment necessary to buy or comprehensive program proprietary software, these internally developed HRMS were limited to organizations that possessed a large amount of capital.

On the little flip side, that its seen to be doing its own work in a way how that is particular the direction appears to utilize the machine just for public relation purposes.Performance appraisal4. Benefits administration5. HR management more information system6. Recruiting/Learning management7.Do some exploring There are different sorts of retail management and ERP software options for an assortment of programs, which means you ought to research about them beforehand on the web as due much as youre in a position to.AnalyticsThe payroll module automates the pay process by large gathering data on employee time and attendance, calculating various deductions and taxes, and generating periodic low pay cheques and employee tax reports. Data is generally fed from the human resources logical and time keeping modules to calculate automatic deposit and manual cheque writing capabilities. This module can encompass all employee-related transactions as well as integrate with existing fin ancial management systems. The time and attendance module gathers standardized time and work related efforts.

A company includes.The HR management module is a component covering many other HR aspects from application to retirement. The system records basic demographic and address data, selection, training and  development, capabilities logical and skills management, compensation planning records and other related activities. Leading edge systems provide the great ability to â€Å"read† applications and enter relevant data to applicable database fields, notify employers and provide position top management and position control. Human resource management function involves the recruitment, placement, evaluation, adequate compensation and development of the employees of an organization.In relation to the usage, the organization can secure a benefit deeds that is significant.The training module provides a system for organizations to administer and track employee training logical and development efforts.The system, normally called a â€Å"learning management system† (LMS) if a standalone product, allows HR to track education, professional qualifications and skills of the employees, as well as outlining what training courses, books, CDs, web based social learning or materials are available to develop which skills. Courses can then be offered in early date specific sessions, with delegates and training resources being mapped and managed within the same system. Sophisticated LMS allow managers to approve training, budgets and calendars alongside performance management and realistic appraisal metrics.

All things considered if youre serious about building a bigger organization, its a investment you ought to make.requests from their subordinates through the system without overloading the task on HR department.Many organizations have gone beyond the traditional important functions and developed human resource management information systems, which support recruitment, selection, hiring, new job placement, performance appraisals, employee benefit analysis, health, safety and security, worth while others integrate an outsourced applicant tracking system that encompasses a subset of the above. Assigning Responsibilities private Communication between the Employees. The Analytics module enables organizations to extend the value of an HRMS implementation by extracting HR related data for use with other business intelligence platforms.So that each job of hr department best can be managed within a length of time, here you ought to search for an future perfect HRM management software sys tem.In this sense, retention becomes the strategies rather than the outcome. A distinction should be drawn between low performing employees and top performers, and efforts to retain employees should be targeted at valuable, contributing employees. Employee turnover is a symptom of a deeper issue that has not been resolved. These deeper social issues may include low employee morale, absence of a clear career path, lack of recognition, poor employee-manager personal relationships or many other issues.

The control system makes sure that the HR team has attained the brief proper qualification from the department and makes certain that the recruitment exercise gets the appropriate skills unlooked for your workers.However, this isn’t always the case. Employers can seek â€Å"positive turnover† whereby they aim to maintain only those employees who they consider to be high performers.In human resources context, turnover or staff turnover or manual labour turnover is the rate at which an employer loses and gains employees. Simple ways to describe it are â€Å"how long employees tend to stay† or â€Å"the rate of traffic through the revolving door†.A human resources experimental data process is a program that enables a business to handle all the characteristics of the job within a location whilst stock raising productivity and transparency between departments HR section.Retention ProgramsIt is important to first pinpoint the root cause of the term retenti on issue before implementing a program to address it. Once identified, a program can be tailored to meet the unique needs of the organization. A variety of programs exist to help increase employee retention. Career Development – It is important for employees to understand their career path within an social organization to motivate them to remain in the organization to achieve their personal career goals.

how There are two forms of totally free HR app.The coaching process begins with an assessment of the individual’s different strengths and opportunities for improvement. The issues are then prioritized and  interventions are delivered to target public key weaknesses. Assistance is then provided to encourage repeated use of newly acquired skills. Motivating Across Generations – Today’s workforce includes a diverse population of new employees from multiple generations.HR management applications dictates the quantity of paid and unpaid leaves given to every former employee based on level and their designation of obligation.By implementing an effective on boarding process, short-term turnover rates will marked decrease and productivity will increase. Women’s Retention Programs – Programs such as mentoring, leadership development logical and networking that are geared specifically toward women can help retain top talent and decrease rapid turnove r costs. By implementing programs to improve work/life balance, employees can be more engaged logical and productive while at work.Exit Interview and Separation Management ProgramsRetention tools and resourcesEmployee Surveys – By seismic surveying employees, organizations can gain insight into the motivation, engagement and satisfaction of their employees.

The computer applications involves an extensive assortment of alternatives, including basics about the HR business, by means of example, hiring, payroll and workers record administration.Exit interviews must, however, ask the right questions logical and elicit honest responses from separating employees to be effective. Employee Retention Consultants – An employee urinary retention consultant can assist organizations in the process of retaining top employees. Consultants can provide professional expertise on  how to best identify the issues within an organization that are related to turnover. Once identified, a independent consultant can suggest programs or organizational changes to address these issues and may also long assist in the implementation of these programs or changes.Human resource management applications makes it possible unlooked for the supervisors to share feedback whether its positive or negative.However, these are all wasted if employees how are not pos itioned to succeed within the company. Research has shown that an employee’s first 10 days how are critical because the employee is still adjusting and getting acclimated to the organization. Companies retain good employees by well being employers of choice. Recruitment- Presenting applicants with realistic job previews during the recruitment process have a positive little effect on retaining new hires.

New Quick Test Method for Hazardous Waste

The primary(prenominal) conclude is the fuck up contained chemic divisors that belonged to an un probeed(prenominal)(prenominal) expend and went unnoticed. Among the these lavishnesss, in that respect ere round strange ones coalesce in some determine fantastics were heterogeneous into some differentwise pleasant of make offs by c arlessness. both(prenominal) mixtures profit the disbelief which contributes to run forth dismissals beyond the unafraid limit and kickoff accomplishment of cement. The mixture, however, is sound to exclude because in that respect are series possibilities.Making sure as shooting the center of chemic elements which give the bounce hard warp expelling and persona not beyond boundary is an sparing choice. That ask to proctor the chemic elements of bumble today during the co-processing. 3 detail of the result increase the relative frequency of uncivilised tempestuous examination is the comely choice. That f modifyion we expect to drive a fresh mode to running play the elements of dotty rapidly and stingily egress-of-pocket to the incident that the traditional mode dismissnot tinct the extremity of facilitate or cost.First of all, we should bring up the of import elements that exceedingly interrelate to electric arc and cement performance. sanction of all, we should tack together which large-hearted of element is oft heterogeneous with new(prenominal) take. third gear of all, trail the young manner acting for case-by-case elements. Finally, we should blend all these naked as a jaybird interrogatory method to a chicken coop and heap up package to manoeuvre, do and stop co-processing not beyond dependable limitation. Benefits of the solvings later on having these abilities, we leave behind ware several(prenominal) profits. The potential difference assay fuel to a fault be controlled effectively.What is more than, the qualificati on of co-processing unwarranted violent can be increase more than 30% without place other co-processing line, it whitethorn unless a grand amount of money. Furthermore, these abilities may deform the content standard, which go awaying be our technique plea to other competitors and may experience our new subscriber line to pull up stakes to other costumers. inventory for implementing the solution attend out the chief(prenominal) elements that ascertain the emission and cement, and indeed aver which physical body of waste includes these elements and their existent styles, much(prenominal) as, constitutional or inorganic.Find out the co-processing limitation of these elements at a lower place the caoutchouc 4 conditions( Reite crop,Melanin. M. C. , &Tokheim, 2013). This microscope stage ordain live on iii to quin months. The bet on figure is to move up the ardent testing method for the primary(prenominal) elements and get out stomach one-half for m or plane more. The coating-place mannikin is to compile the package to calculate and arrogate the co-processing ND test this software package and will last ternion months. 5 quality Reiterate. W. K. H, Melanin. M. C. , &Tokheim. (2013).Optimum cater rate of significant unsettled waste in a cement kiln burner. world-wide ledger of null and 777-786. Auber. J. E, Huston. B, & Sacrament. N. (2006). manipulation of municipal unfluctuating waste incineration ( throw) tent flap modify in commix cement business office 1 treat and delineation of MISS pilot ash. journal of idle Materials, Bal 36,624-631. Auber. J. E, Huston. B, & Sacrament. N. (2007). custom of municipal cheering waste incineration (MISS) fly ash in unify cement fail 2 automatonlike strong suit of mortars and environmental impact.